{"id":3859,"date":"2024-12-11T00:48:24","date_gmt":"2024-12-10T23:48:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/?page_id=3859"},"modified":"2024-12-15T16:46:59","modified_gmt":"2024-12-15T15:46:59","slug":"a-polgari-legijarmu-elleni-fegyverhasznalat-nemzetkozi-jogi-es-legijogi-megitelesenek-fejlodese-napjainkig","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/a-polgari-legijarmu-elleni-fegyverhasznalat-nemzetkozi-jogi-es-legijogi-megitelesenek-fejlodese-napjainkig\/","title":{"rendered":"A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171 elleni fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi \u00e9s l\u00e9gijogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek fejl\u0151d\u00e9se napjainkig"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><em><strong>T\u00d6R\u00d6K Csaba<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171, fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat, Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny, er\u0151szaktilalom, sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 puszt\u00edt\u00e1sra sz\u00e1nt fegyver<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>civil aircraft, use of weapons, Chicago Convention, prohibition on the use of force, weapon of large-scale destruction<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-b2891da8 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/ember-es-jog-lapszamok\/\">Aktu\u00e1lis lapsz\u00e1m<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/ember-es-jog-lapszamok\/\">Arch\u00edv lapsz\u00e1mok<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/kezirat-benyujtas-ember-es-jog\/\" style=\"border-radius:100px\">K\u00e9zirat bek\u00fcld\u00e9s<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/szerzoi-utmutato\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Szerz\u0151i \u00datmutat\u00f3<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#szerzo\">Szerz\u0151 \/ Author<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#cite\">Id\u00e9z\u00e9s \/ How to cite<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#absztrakt\">Absztrakt \/ <\/a><a href=\"#abstract\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#pdf\">Teljes sz\u00f6veg (magyar) \/ Full text (Hungarian)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#hivatk\">Hivatkoz\u00e1sok \/ References<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#copyright\">Copyright<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Megjelen\u00e9s \/ Publication<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Beny\u00fajtva<\/strong> \/ Submitted<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Elfogadva<\/strong> \/ Accepted<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Publik\u00e1lva<\/strong> \/ Publicated<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Lapsz\u00e1m \/ Issue<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2024. okt\u00f3ber 28.<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2024. december 8.<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2024. december 15.<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ember \u00e9s Jog, 2024\/1.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"szerzo\">Szerz\u0151 \/ Author<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doktorandusz, l\u00e9gijog\u00e1sz<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Debreceni Egyetem, Marton G\u00e9za Doktori Iskola, Debrecen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Budapest Liszt Ferenc Nemzetk\u00f6zi Rep\u00fcl\u0151t\u00e9r, Budapest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MTMT: 10079875<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:5px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cite\">Id\u00e9z\u00e9s \/ How to cite<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00d6R\u00d6K Csaba: A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171 elleni fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi \u00e9s l\u00e9gijogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek fejl\u0151d\u00e9se napjainkig. <em>Ember \u00e9s Jog<\/em>, 2024\/1. 107\u2013131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:5px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"absztrakt\">Absztrakt<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Az Egyes\u00fclt Nemzetek Alapokm\u00e1nya \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi polg\u00e1ri rep\u00fcl\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny csaknem 80 \u00e9ve egym\u00e1ssal \u00f6sszhangban r\u00f6gz\u00edti a vit\u00e1k b\u00e9k\u00e9s \u00faton t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 rendez\u00e9s\u00e9nek k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9g\u00e9t, v\u00e9gs\u0151 soron az er\u0151szak alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1nak tilalm\u00e1t polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vekkel szemben. A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vekkel szembeni v\u00e9delmi int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t, indokolts\u00e1g\u00e1t, jogszer\u0171s\u00e9g\u00e9t \u2013 a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi keretek, humanit\u00e1rius jogi, emberi jogi \u00e9s etikai dilemm\u00e1k ment\u00e9n \u2013 m\u00e9gis gyakran tov\u00e1bbra is sz\u00e1mos vita \u00f6vezi. A vit\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban a nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00e9ke, a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9s- \u00e9s a k\u00f6zbiztons\u00e1g v\u00e9delme, valamint az \u00e1llamok szuverenit\u00e1s\u00e1nak tiszteletben tart\u00e1sa k\u00f6z\u00f6tti egyens\u00faly k\u00e9pezi, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen neh\u00e9z eseteket teremtve olyankor, amikor nem \u00e1llamk\u00f6zi szerepl\u0151k terrorizmus c\u00e9lj\u00e1ra, sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 puszt\u00edt\u00e1sra sz\u00e1nt fegyverk\u00e9nt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vet haszn\u00e1lnak eszk\u00f6z\u00fcl. A fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat jogszer\u0171s\u00e9g\u00e9t megannyi t\u00e9nyez\u0151, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171 felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1nak c\u00e9lja, a fed\u00e9lzet\u00e9n tart\u00f3zkod\u00f3k viselked\u00e9se, b\u00e9keid\u0151 vagy fegyveres konfliktushelyzet stb. figyelembev\u00e9tel\u00e9vel v\u00e9gzett komplex \u00e9s interdiszciplin\u00e1ris, esetr\u0151l esetre t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 vizsg\u00e1lat\u00e1val lehet meg\u00e1llap\u00edtani vagy kiz\u00e1rni. Jelen tanulm\u00e1ny c\u00e9lja ezen k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek m\u00faltb\u00e9li \u00e9s jelenb\u00e9li jogi aspektusainak felt\u00e1r\u00e1sa, valamint a dilemm\u00e1k \u00e9s lehets\u00e9ges v\u00e1laszok bemutat\u00e1sa, el\u0151seg\u00edtve ez\u00e1ltal napjaink jogalkalmaz\u00f3inak jog\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9t egy bek\u00f6vetkezhet\u0151, de nem v\u00e1rt incidens \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9n\u00e9l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:5px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"abstract\">Abstract<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The Charter of the United Nations and the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation have, for nearly 80 years, enshrined the obligation to settle disputes peacefully, ultimately prohibiting the use of force against civil aircraft. Despite this, the legitimacy, necessity, and lawfulness of protective measures against civil aircraft are often the subject of considerable debate within the frameworks of international law, humanitarian and human rights law, and ethical considerations. The center of these discussions is on the balance between safeguarding international peace, aviation, and public security, and respecting state sovereignty &#8211; especially in complex cases where non-state actors use civil aircraft as instrument for terrorism or large-scale destruction. Determining the legality of using force depends on a multifaceted, interdisciplinary, and case-by-case assessment that considers factors such as the aircraft\u2019s intended use, the behavior of those on board, and whether the context is peacetime or armed conflict. This study aims to explore the past and present legal aspects of these issues and to present the dilemmas and possible responses, thereby assisting today\u2019s legal practitioners in interpreting the law when evaluating a potential but unforeseen incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:5px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pdf\">Teljes sz\u00f6veg \/ Full text<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Torok-Cs-A-polgari-legijarmu-elleni-fegyverhasznalat-nemzetkozi-jogi-es-legijogi-megitelesenek-fejlodese-napjainkig_lezart.pdf\">PDF (magyar)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hivatk\">Hivatkoz\u00e1sok \/ References<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1d\u00e1ny Tam\u00e1s Vince \u2013 Bartha Orsolya \u2013 T\u00f6r\u0151 Csaba (szerk.): <em>A fegyveres \u00f6ssze\u00fctk\u00f6z\u00e9sek joga<\/em>. Budapest, Zr\u00ednyi kiad\u00f3, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alshamsi, Khalid \u2013 Sipos Attila: The Legal Concerns of the Settlement Disputes by the Council on the International Civil Aviation Organization. <em>Access to Justice in Eastern Europe<\/em>, 2024\/3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bergen, Peter L.: Review: Picking up the Pieces What We Can Learn From \u2013 and About \u2013 9\/11. <em>Foreign Affairs<\/em>. 2002\/2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dessauer, Aaron Voloj: <em>Philosophische \u00dcberlegungen zum Luftsicherheitsgesetz<\/em>. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. M\u00fcnster, Westf\u00e4lischen Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ernszt Ildik\u00f3: <em>A nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9s v\u00e9delme<\/em>. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Geiss, Robin: Civil aircraft as weapons of large-scale destruction: Countermeasures, Article 3bis of the Chicago Convention, and the newly adopted German \u201eLuftsicheirheitsgesetz\u201d. <em>Michigan Journal of International Law<\/em>, 2005\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kajt\u00e1r G\u00e1bor: A nem \u00e1llami szerepl\u0151k elleni \u00f6nv\u00e9delem jog\u00e1nak m\u00f3dszertani, dogmatikai \u00e9s ideol\u00f3giai kritik\u00e1ja. <em>\u00c1llam- \u00e9s Jogtudom\u00e1ny<\/em>, 2016\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kajt\u00e1r G\u00e1bor:<em> Az er\u0151szak tilalma<\/em>. In Jakab Andr\u00e1s \u2013 Fekete Bal\u00e1zs (szerk.): Internetes Jogtudom\u00e1nyi Enciklop\u00e9dia. 2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/ijoten.hu\/szocikk\/az-eroszak-tilalma\">http:\/\/ijoten.hu\/szocikk\/az-eroszak-tilalma<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kennedy, Paul: The Eagle Has Landed. <em>Financial Times<\/em>, 2002. febru\u00e1r 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kotaite, Assad: <em>My Memoirs: 50 years of International Diplomacy and Conciliation in Aviation<\/em>. ICAO, Montreal, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laps\u00e1nszky Andr\u00e1s (szerk.): <em>K\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1si jog II<\/em>. Budapest, Wolters Kluwer, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/mersz.hu\/lapsanszky-kozigazgatasi-jog-ii\/\">https:\/\/mersz.hu\/lapsanszky-kozigazgatasi-jog-ii\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u00fck\u0151 D\u00e9nes: A konferencia-sorozat terrorizmus elleni l\u00e9gi m\u0171veleteivel \u00e9s az azok t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1val kapcsolatos elemz\u00e9sek tapasztalatai. <em>Hadtudom\u00e1nyi Szemle<\/em>, 2009\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Milde, Michael: Interception of Civil Aircraft vs. Misuse of Civil Aviation (Background of Amendment 27 to Annex 2). <em>Annals of Air and Space Law<\/em>, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moys P\u00e9ter: <em>L\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9si jog<\/em>. Budapest, HungaroControl, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moys P\u00e9ter: <em>Nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gijog<\/em>. Budapest, 3,14 L Nyomdaipari \u00e9s Szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 Kft., 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Novikova, Tatiana V. \u2013 Kuts, Stepan O.: Legal consequences for the state arising from the use of weapons against civil aircraft: review and legal framework development. <em>RUDN Journal of Law<\/em>. 2021\/4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Papp Zolt\u00e1n: <em>A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 elleni fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e9s a l\u00e9g-t\u00e9rszuverenit\u00e1s \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00fajabb ir\u00e1nyai<\/em>. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. Budapest, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Katolikus Egyetem, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Papp Zolt\u00e1n: Az MH-17 l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rat lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se a nemzetk\u00f6zi polg\u00e1ri rep\u00fcl\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny t\u00fckr\u00e9ben. <em>Debreceni Jogi M\u0171hely<\/em>, 2019\/1-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Resperger Istv\u00e1n: Az aszimmetrikus hadvisel\u00e9s \u00e9s a terrorizmus jellemz\u0151i. <em>Hadtudom\u00e1ny<\/em>, 2010\/4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Resperger Istv\u00e1n: Terrorista szervezetek, m\u00f3dszerek, elj\u00e1r\u00e1sok. <em>Szakmai Szemle<\/em>, 2018\/2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sipos Attila: <em>Nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gijog. Szab\u00e1lyok h\u00e1rom dimenzi\u00f3ban<\/em>. Budapest, Wolters Kluwer, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sipos Attila: A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 jogi st\u00e1tusza. <em>Rep\u00fcl\u00e9studom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek<\/em>, 2017\/3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Siska Katalin \u2013 Szemesi S\u00e1ndor: <em>A nemzetk\u00f6zi jog t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete<\/em>. Debrecen, Kossuth Egyetemi Kiad\u00f3, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Siska Katalin: Gondolatok a t\u00f6r\u00f6k k\u00fclpolitika 21. sz\u00e1zadi \u00fatkeres\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l. <em>Jura<\/em>, 2018\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sulyok G\u00e1bor: A terrorcselekm\u00e9ny elk\u00f6vet\u00e9s\u00e9hez haszn\u00e1lt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi \u00e9s alkotm\u00e1nyjogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se. <em>Fundamentum<\/em>, 2005\/3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sulyok G\u00e1bor: <em>A terrorcselekm\u00e9ny elk\u00f6vet\u00e9s\u00e9hez haszn\u00e1lt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek alkotm\u00e1nyjogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se az \u00faj szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1si k\u00f6rnyezetben<\/em>. In Bartk\u00f3 R\u00f3bert (szerk.): A terrorizmus elleni k\u00fczdelem aktu\u00e1lis k\u00e9rd\u00e9sei a XXI. sz\u00e1zadban. Budapest, Gondolat Kiad\u00f3, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023c): <em>A San Remo K\u00e9zik\u00f6nyv \u00e9s a l\u00e9gijog.<\/em> In Siska Katalin \u2013 Luk\u00e1cs Nikolett (szerk.): A jog tudom\u00e1nya, a mindennapok joga IX. Konferenciak\u00f6tet. Debrecen, Debreceni Egyetem \u00c1llam- \u00e9s Jogtudom\u00e1nyi Kar, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023a): From Athens to Vilnius with A Near-Fatal Detour to Minsk? The Issue of Demarcation Between Civil and State Aircraft. <em>Nurani Hukum<\/em>, 2023\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023b): Weapon against Civil Aircraft. <em>International Journal of Social Science Humanity &amp; Management Research<\/em>, 2023\/9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zakari\u00e1s Kinga: <em>Az emberi m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1ghoz val\u00f3 alapjog. \u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 jogi elemz\u00e9s a n\u00e9met \u00e9s magyar alkotm\u00e1nyb\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi gyakorlat t\u00fckr\u00e9ben<\/em>. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. Budapest, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Katolikus Egyetem, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Event Involving Ryanair Flight FR4978 in Belarus Airspace on 23 May 2021. Report of the ICAO Fact-Finding Investigation<\/em>. 2022. j\u00falius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:5px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"copyright\">Copyright<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>(C) Pro Veritate Egyes\u00fclet<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(C) Szerz\u0151 \/ Author<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Az Ember \u00e9s Jog ny\u00edlt hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s\u0171 (Open Access) foly\u00f3irat, az abban megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 cikkek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/ember-es-jog-publikacios-es-etikai-szabalyzat\/#openaccess\">szabadon hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151k<\/a> az Olvas\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A foly\u00f3irat \u00e9s a cikkek a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.hu\">Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/a>&nbsp;licenc alatt \u00e1llnak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p xmlns:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.hu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:inline-block;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/cc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" alt=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/by.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" alt=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" alt=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height:22px!important;margin-left:3px;vertical-align:text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nd.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" alt=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/info.flagcounter.com\/xq0N\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s01.flagcounter.com\/count2\/xq0N\/bg_FFFFFF\/txt_000000\/border_CCCCCC\/columns_8\/maxflags_150\/viewers_0\/labels_1\/pageviews_1\/flags_0\/percent_0\/\" alt=\"Free counters!\" border=\"0\"><\/a>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00d6R\u00d6K Csaba polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171, fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat, Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny, er\u0151szaktilalom, sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 puszt\u00edt\u00e1sra sz\u00e1nt fegyver civil aircraft, use of weapons, Chicago Convention, prohibition on the use of force, weapon of large-scale destruction Megjelen\u00e9s \/ Publication Beny\u00fajtva \/ Submitted Elfogadva \/ Accepted Publik\u00e1lva \/ Publicated Lapsz\u00e1m \/ Issue 2024. okt\u00f3ber 28. 2024. december 8. 2024. december 15. Ember \u00e9s Jog, 2024\/1. Szerz\u0151 \/ Author Dr. T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba Doktorandusz, l\u00e9gijog\u00e1sz Debreceni Egyetem, Marton G\u00e9za Doktori Iskola, Debrecen Budapest Liszt Ferenc Nemzetk\u00f6zi Rep\u00fcl\u0151t\u00e9r, Budapest MTMT: 10079875 Id\u00e9z\u00e9s \/ How to cite T\u00d6R\u00d6K Csaba: A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171 elleni fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi \u00e9s l\u00e9gijogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek fejl\u0151d\u00e9se napjainkig. Ember \u00e9s Jog, 2024\/1. 107\u2013131. Absztrakt Az Egyes\u00fclt Nemzetek Alapokm\u00e1nya \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi polg\u00e1ri rep\u00fcl\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny csaknem 80 \u00e9ve egym\u00e1ssal \u00f6sszhangban r\u00f6gz\u00edti a vit\u00e1k b\u00e9k\u00e9s \u00faton t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 rendez\u00e9s\u00e9nek k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9g\u00e9t, v\u00e9gs\u0151 soron az er\u0151szak alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1nak tilalm\u00e1t polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vekkel szemben. A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vekkel szembeni v\u00e9delmi int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t, indokolts\u00e1g\u00e1t, jogszer\u0171s\u00e9g\u00e9t \u2013 a nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi keretek, humanit\u00e1rius jogi, emberi jogi \u00e9s etikai dilemm\u00e1k ment\u00e9n \u2013 m\u00e9gis gyakran tov\u00e1bbra is sz\u00e1mos vita \u00f6vezi. A vit\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban a nemzetk\u00f6zi b\u00e9ke, a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9s- \u00e9s a k\u00f6zbiztons\u00e1g v\u00e9delme, valamint az \u00e1llamok szuverenit\u00e1s\u00e1nak tiszteletben tart\u00e1sa k\u00f6z\u00f6tti egyens\u00faly k\u00e9pezi, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen neh\u00e9z eseteket teremtve olyankor, amikor nem \u00e1llamk\u00f6zi szerepl\u0151k terrorizmus c\u00e9lj\u00e1ra, sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 puszt\u00edt\u00e1sra sz\u00e1nt fegyverk\u00e9nt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vet haszn\u00e1lnak eszk\u00f6z\u00fcl. A fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat jogszer\u0171s\u00e9g\u00e9t megannyi t\u00e9nyez\u0151, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171 felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1nak c\u00e9lja, a fed\u00e9lzet\u00e9n tart\u00f3zkod\u00f3k viselked\u00e9se, b\u00e9keid\u0151 vagy fegyveres konfliktushelyzet stb. figyelembev\u00e9tel\u00e9vel v\u00e9gzett komplex \u00e9s interdiszciplin\u00e1ris, esetr\u0151l esetre t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 vizsg\u00e1lat\u00e1val lehet meg\u00e1llap\u00edtani vagy kiz\u00e1rni. Jelen tanulm\u00e1ny c\u00e9lja ezen k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek m\u00faltb\u00e9li \u00e9s jelenb\u00e9li jogi aspektusainak felt\u00e1r\u00e1sa, valamint a dilemm\u00e1k \u00e9s lehets\u00e9ges v\u00e1laszok bemutat\u00e1sa, el\u0151seg\u00edtve ez\u00e1ltal napjaink jogalkalmaz\u00f3inak jog\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9t egy bek\u00f6vetkezhet\u0151, de nem v\u00e1rt incidens \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9n\u00e9l. Abstract The Charter of the United Nations and the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation have, for nearly 80 years, enshrined the obligation to settle disputes peacefully, ultimately prohibiting the use of force against civil aircraft. Despite this, the legitimacy, necessity, and lawfulness of protective measures against civil aircraft are often the subject of considerable debate within the frameworks of international law, humanitarian and human rights law, and ethical considerations. The center of these discussions is on the balance between safeguarding international peace, aviation, and public security, and respecting state sovereignty &#8211; especially in complex cases where non-state actors use civil aircraft as instrument for terrorism or large-scale destruction. Determining the legality of using force depends on a multifaceted, interdisciplinary, and case-by-case assessment that considers factors such as the aircraft\u2019s intended use, the behavior of those on board, and whether the context is peacetime or armed conflict. This study aims to explore the past and present legal aspects of these issues and to present the dilemmas and possible responses, thereby assisting today\u2019s legal practitioners in interpreting the law when evaluating a potential but unforeseen incident. Teljes sz\u00f6veg \/ Full text Hivatkoz\u00e1sok \/ References \u00c1d\u00e1ny Tam\u00e1s Vince \u2013 Bartha Orsolya \u2013 T\u00f6r\u0151 Csaba (szerk.): A fegyveres \u00f6ssze\u00fctk\u00f6z\u00e9sek joga. Budapest, Zr\u00ednyi kiad\u00f3, 2009. Alshamsi, Khalid \u2013 Sipos Attila: The Legal Concerns of the Settlement Disputes by the Council on the International Civil Aviation Organization. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2024\/3. Bergen, Peter L.: Review: Picking up the Pieces What We Can Learn From \u2013 and About \u2013 9\/11. Foreign Affairs. 2002\/2. Dessauer, Aaron Voloj: Philosophische \u00dcberlegungen zum Luftsicherheitsgesetz. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. M\u00fcnster, Westf\u00e4lischen Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t, 2008. Ernszt Ildik\u00f3: A nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9s v\u00e9delme. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9csi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem, 2007. Geiss, Robin: Civil aircraft as weapons of large-scale destruction: Countermeasures, Article 3bis of the Chicago Convention, and the newly adopted German \u201eLuftsicheirheitsgesetz\u201d. Michigan Journal of International Law, 2005\/1. Kajt\u00e1r G\u00e1bor: A nem \u00e1llami szerepl\u0151k elleni \u00f6nv\u00e9delem jog\u00e1nak m\u00f3dszertani, dogmatikai \u00e9s ideol\u00f3giai kritik\u00e1ja. \u00c1llam- \u00e9s Jogtudom\u00e1ny, 2016\/1. Kajt\u00e1r G\u00e1bor: Az er\u0151szak tilalma. In Jakab Andr\u00e1s \u2013 Fekete Bal\u00e1zs (szerk.): Internetes Jogtudom\u00e1nyi Enciklop\u00e9dia. 2018. http:\/\/ijoten.hu\/szocikk\/az-eroszak-tilalma. Kennedy, Paul: The Eagle Has Landed. Financial Times, 2002. febru\u00e1r 2. Kotaite, Assad: My Memoirs: 50 years of International Diplomacy and Conciliation in Aviation. ICAO, Montreal, 2013. Laps\u00e1nszky Andr\u00e1s (szerk.): K\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1si jog II. Budapest, Wolters Kluwer, 2016. https:\/\/mersz.hu\/lapsanszky-kozigazgatasi-jog-ii\/. L\u00fck\u0151 D\u00e9nes: A konferencia-sorozat terrorizmus elleni l\u00e9gi m\u0171veleteivel \u00e9s az azok t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1val kapcsolatos elemz\u00e9sek tapasztalatai. Hadtudom\u00e1nyi Szemle, 2009\/1. Milde, Michael: Interception of Civil Aircraft vs. Misuse of Civil Aviation (Background of Amendment 27 to Annex 2). Annals of Air and Space Law, 1986. Moys P\u00e9ter: L\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9si jog. Budapest, HungaroControl, 2001. Moys P\u00e9ter: Nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gijog. Budapest, 3,14 L Nyomdaipari \u00e9s Szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 Kft., 2006. Novikova, Tatiana V. \u2013 Kuts, Stepan O.: Legal consequences for the state arising from the use of weapons against civil aircraft: review and legal framework development. RUDN Journal of Law. 2021\/4. Papp Zolt\u00e1n: A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 elleni fegyverhaszn\u00e1lat nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e9s a l\u00e9g-t\u00e9rszuverenit\u00e1s \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00fajabb ir\u00e1nyai. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. Budapest, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Katolikus Egyetem, 2019. Papp Zolt\u00e1n: Az MH-17 l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rat lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se a nemzetk\u00f6zi polg\u00e1ri rep\u00fcl\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 Chicag\u00f3i Egyezm\u00e9ny t\u00fckr\u00e9ben. Debreceni Jogi M\u0171hely, 2019\/1-2. Resperger Istv\u00e1n: Az aszimmetrikus hadvisel\u00e9s \u00e9s a terrorizmus jellemz\u0151i. Hadtudom\u00e1ny, 2010\/4. Resperger Istv\u00e1n: Terrorista szervezetek, m\u00f3dszerek, elj\u00e1r\u00e1sok. Szakmai Szemle, 2018\/2. Sipos Attila: Nemzetk\u00f6zi l\u00e9gijog. Szab\u00e1lyok h\u00e1rom dimenzi\u00f3ban. Budapest, Wolters Kluwer, 2015. Sipos Attila: A polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 jogi st\u00e1tusza. Rep\u00fcl\u00e9studom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek, 2017\/3. Siska Katalin \u2013 Szemesi S\u00e1ndor: A nemzetk\u00f6zi jog t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete. Debrecen, Kossuth Egyetemi Kiad\u00f3, 2006. Siska Katalin: Gondolatok a t\u00f6r\u00f6k k\u00fclpolitika 21. sz\u00e1zadi \u00fatkeres\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l. Jura, 2018\/1. Sulyok G\u00e1bor: A terrorcselekm\u00e9ny elk\u00f6vet\u00e9s\u00e9hez haszn\u00e1lt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi \u00e9s alkotm\u00e1nyjogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se. Fundamentum, 2005\/3. Sulyok G\u00e1bor: A terrorcselekm\u00e9ny elk\u00f6vet\u00e9s\u00e9hez haszn\u00e1lt polg\u00e1ri l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 lel\u00f6v\u00e9s\u00e9nek alkotm\u00e1nyjogi meg\u00edt\u00e9l\u00e9se az \u00faj szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1si k\u00f6rnyezetben. In Bartk\u00f3 R\u00f3bert (szerk.): A terrorizmus elleni k\u00fczdelem aktu\u00e1lis k\u00e9rd\u00e9sei a XXI. sz\u00e1zadban. Budapest, Gondolat Kiad\u00f3, 2019. T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023c): A San Remo K\u00e9zik\u00f6nyv \u00e9s a l\u00e9gijog. In Siska Katalin \u2013 Luk\u00e1cs Nikolett (szerk.): A jog tudom\u00e1nya, a mindennapok joga IX. Konferenciak\u00f6tet. Debrecen, Debreceni Egyetem \u00c1llam- \u00e9s Jogtudom\u00e1nyi Kar, 2023. T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023a): From Athens to Vilnius with A Near-Fatal Detour to Minsk? The Issue of Demarcation Between Civil and State Aircraft. Nurani Hukum, 2023\/1. T\u00f6r\u00f6k Csaba (2023b): Weapon against Civil Aircraft. International Journal of Social Science Humanity &amp; Management Research, 2023\/9. Zakari\u00e1s Kinga: Az emberi m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1ghoz val\u00f3 alapjog. \u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 jogi elemz\u00e9s a n\u00e9met \u00e9s magyar alkotm\u00e1nyb\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi gyakorlat t\u00fckr\u00e9ben. Disszert\u00e1ci\u00f3. Budapest, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Katolikus Egyetem, 2019. Event Involving Ryanair Flight FR4978 in Belarus Airspace on 23 May 2021. Report of the ICAO Fact-Finding Investigation. 2022. j\u00falius. Copyright (C) Pro Veritate Egyes\u00fclet (C) Szerz\u0151 \/ Author Az Ember \u00e9s Jog ny\u00edlt hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s\u0171 (Open Access) foly\u00f3irat, az abban megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 cikkek szabadon hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151k az Olvas\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. A foly\u00f3irat \u00e9s a cikkek a&nbsp;Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0&nbsp;licenc alatt \u00e1llnak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3859","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3859","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3859"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3859\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3926,"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3859\/revisions\/3926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.proveritate.hu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3859"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}